Instructional models of reading development at early grades:

 

Instructional models of reading development at early grades:

Early grade reading instruction models can be divided into three categories: bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models. Each method emphasises a different part of the reading process, and these models offer frameworks and tactics for teaching reading to young students.

Bottom-Up Model :

Bottom-up models of reading development put the emphasis on developing reading abilities from the basic building blocks of language, such as phonemes (individual speech sounds), graphemes (written symbols), and phonics (the link between sounds and symbols). In this method, word identification, decoding, and comprehension are gradually introduced after introducing letter-sound correspondences. Word-level decoding activities, systematic phonological awareness training, and phonics education are some of the important instructional strategies employed in bottom-up models.

Top-Down Models: 

Top-down reading development models place a strong emphasis on the importance of higher-order cognitive functions including employing prior knowledge, context, and schema to interpret written text. In order to comprehend novel words or sentences, this method pushes pupils to use their prior knowledge, forecast meaning, and use context signals. Top-down approaches of instruction frequently entail reading aloud, guided reading, collaborative reading, and enticing students to draw connections between the text and their own life experiences.

Interactive Models: 

Interactive reading development models emphasise the interactive character of reading by recognising the reciprocal relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes. These models take into account the integration of decoding abilities, comprehension techniques, and meta cognitive awareness, combining components from both bottom-up and top-down methods. Students are encouraged to actively participate in higher-level comprehension procedures while actively using their phonics and word recognition skills in interactive models. Interactive read-aloud, reciprocal teaching, and guided reading with an emphasis on both decoding and comprehension are some of the instructional tactics used in interactive models, as well as explicit teaching of reading skills (such as forming predictions and summarising).